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Church Slavonic or New Church Slavonic is the conservative Slavic liturgical language used by the Orthodox Church in Bulgaria, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Macedonia and Ukraine. The language also occasionally appears in the services of the Orthodox Church in America and the Czech and Slovak lands. It was also used by the Orthodox Churches in Romanian lands until the late 17th and early 18th centuries,〔Petre P. Panaitescu, (Studii de istorie economică și socială ) 〕 as well as by Roman Catholic Croatians in the early Middle Ages. In addition, Church Slavonic is used by some churches which consider themselves Orthodox but are not in communion with the Orthodox Church, such as the Macedonian Orthodox Church, the Montenegrin Orthodox Church, the Russian True Orthodox Church, and others. It is also sometimes used by Greek Catholic Churches, which are under Vatican jurisdiction, in Slavic countries, for example the Croatian and Ruthenian Greek Catholics, as well as by the Roman Catholic Church (Croatian and Czech recensions, see below). Church Slavonic represents a later stage of Old Church Slavonic, and is the continuation of the liturgical tradition introduced by the Thessalonian brothers Cyril and Methodius in the late 9th century in Nitra, a principal town and religious and scholarly center of Great Moravia (present-day Slovakia), who produced the first Slavic translations of the Scripture and liturgy from Ancient Greek. By the early 12th century, individual Slavic languages started to emerge, and the liturgical language was modified in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and orthography according to the local vernacular usage. These modified varieties or ''recensions'' eventually stabilized and their regularized forms were used by the scribes to produce new translations of liturgical material from Ancient Greek, or Latin in case of Croatian Church Slavonic. Attestation of Church Slavonic traditions appear in Early Cyrillic and Glagolitic script. Glagolitic has nowadays fallen out of use, though both scripts were used from the earliest attested period. The first Church Slavonic printed book was the ''Missale Romanum Glagolitice'' (1483) in angular Glagolitic, followed shortly by five Cyrillic liturgical books printed in Kraków in 1491. ==Recensions== Various Church Slavonic recensions were used as a liturgical and literary language in all Orthodox countries north of the Mediterranean region during the Middle Ages, even in places where the local population was not Slavic (especially in Romania). In recent centuries, however, Church Slavonic was fully replaced by local languages in the non-Slavic countries. Even in some of the Slavic Orthodox countries, the modern national language is now used for liturgical purposes to a greater or lesser extent. Nevertheless, the Russian Orthodox Church, which contains around half of all Orthodox believers, still holds its liturgies almost entirely in Church Slavonic.〔See Brian P. Bennett, ''(Religion and Language in Post-Soviet Russia )'' (New York: Routledge, 2011).〕 However, there exist parishes which use other languages (and the main problem here is the lack of good translations):〔See the report of Fr. Theodore Lyudogovsky and Deacon Maxim Plyakin, ''(Liturgical languages of Slavic local churches: a current situation )'', 2009 (in Russian), and a draft of the article ''(Liturgical languages in Slavia Orthodoxa )'', 2009 (also in Russian) of the same authors.〕 * according to the decision of All-Russian Church Council of 1917–1918, service in Russian or Ukrainian can be permitted in individual parishes when approved by church authorities; * "ethnic" parishes in Russia use (entirely or in part) their languages: Chuvash, Mordvinic, Mari, Tatar (for Keräşens), Sakha (Yakut) etc.; * autonomous parts of the Russian Orthodox Church prepare and partly use translations to the languages of the local population, as Ukrainian, Belarusian, Romanian (in Moldova), Japanese, Chinese; * parishes in the diaspora, including ones of Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia often use local languages: English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch etc. Nowadays, Church Slavonic language (also known as New Church Slavonic, the name proposed by F. V. Mareš) is actually a set of at least four different dialects (recensions), with essential distinctions between them in dictionary, spelling (even in writing systems), phonetics etc. The most widespread recension, Russian, has, in order, several local sub-dialects with slightly different pronunciations. For the list and descriptions of extinct recensions, see article ''Old Church Slavonic language''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Church Slavonic language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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